How to make superfans of your brand; Aug. 15, 2022. [35] With a surface area of 54 square kilometres (21sqmi), the volcano has a volume of 15 cubic kilometres (3.6cumi). The next day, additional explosions occurred at 15:04, 15:05 and 17:39 UTC, with a maximum column height of 7 kilometres (4.3mi). Other minerals include anhydrite,[57] augite, plagioclase[33] which is also the dominant phenocryst phase in Lascar rocks,[76] apatite, ilmenite, magnetite, olivine, orthopyroxene, phyrrotite, quartz, rhyolite in the groundmass, and spinel in inclusions. On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. [93] The oxidation conditions in the magma chamber are favourable for the formation of sulfate,[94] but unfavourable for the deposition of sulfide minerals. Transform plate boundaries are where plates slide laterally past one another, producing shallow earthquakes but little or no volcanic activity. [144], The magma erupted was generated in a magma chamber starting from andesite, which underwent complex petrogenetic processes. [47] Lava flows from this stage have thicknesses of 2060 metres (66197ft) and lengths reaching 5 kilometres (3.1mi). [100] Trace elements include arsenic, boron and titanium, with smaller amounts of barium, chromium, copper, lead, strontium and zinc. [6] The present-day snowline in the region lies at an altitude of 6,050 metres (19,850ft), higher than the summit of Lascar. [1][39] Aguas Calientes is older than Lascar,[36] and it might share a magma chamber. Wiki User. [36] The lavas from stage I are mostly exposed north and west of Lascar. [72], Hydrogen chloride and hydrogen fluoride are also released in large amounts, with estimates made in 20032004 indicating a mass flux of 340,000,000 kilograms per year (11kg/s) and 150,000,000 kilograms per year (4.8kg/s) respectively. [19] It is possible that when these ridges are subducted, the buoyancy they carry disrupts the subduction process and reduces the supply of water, which is important for the formation of melts. The equilibrium line at Lascar was at an altitude of 4,7004,800 metres (15,40015,700ft) during the last glacial maximum. Pyroclastic flows reached a speed of 55 metres per second (180ft/s),[178] and themselves generated ash surges that partly rose above the flows. Aguas Calientes in the middle; Lascar on the left. [153] Such a vent or caldera is substantially smaller than the volume of rocks erupted, a discrepancy that is also evident in the 1932 eruption of Quizapu. Sept. 9, 2022. [218] An ash plume was carried 660 kilometres (410mi) east. [152], Later, a new stratovolcano grew over the Soncor vent. stratovulcano 5592 m / 18,346 ft. Northern Chile, -23.37S / -67.73W. [180] Explosive eruptions, accompanied by the formation of eruption columns reaching heights of several kilometres, sometimes leading to ash fall in Jujuy, Argentina, occurred on 27 February 1994; in July 1994, November 1994, and March 1995; and on 10 May, 20 July and 18 October 1996. [128][47] Most present-day activity consists of the release of fumarolic gas with additional vulcanian activity that generates eruption columns several kilometres high,[129] typically every three or two years[128] and half of the time during austral spring[7] as well as active deformation of the three active craters observed in interferometric synthetic-aperture radar. The eastern edifice formed first (stage I), erupting andesite containing pyroxene, and eventually forming the Chaile and Saltar pyroclastic flows. [209], The eruption record at Lascar becomes more irregular after the 1993 eruption. [40] MioceneQuaternary volcanic centres in the neighbourhood include Cerro Negro in the north, Acamarachi northeast, Tumisa southwest, and the Cordon de Puntas Negras in the south,[41] which Lascar is sometimes considered to be part of. It is the most active volcano in the region, with records of eruptions going back to 1848. [229] This eruption may have been triggered by a precipitation event which added water to the volcan's hydrothermal system. Metasomatism does further affect rocks derived from magma chamber walls. The Lascar volcano is located in the Andes and erupted on 10th December . [169] This cycle ended after 1993, probably because the April 1993 eruption modified the conditions in the volcanic system. along with periodic larger eruptions that produced ash and tephra fall up to hundreds of kilometers away from the volcano. [111] There is no clear association between periods of degassing and eruptions. [145] The ignimbrite features three facies, one rich in breccia, another rich in pumice, and a normal ignimbrite. [166] A phreatic eruption around 14:30 on 18 April formed the prelude to the eruption. [181] These flows reached a thickness of about 510 metres (1633ft) and advanced through the Quebrada de Talabre, which had intercepted the flows on the northern flank. [222] The 18 April eruption was seen from the El Abra copper mine 220 kilometres (140mi) away and resulted in ash fall north-northeast from the volcano. Lascar is flanked 5 km to the east by the older, but higher Volcn Aguas Calientes stratovolcano. 287 (2014) 5167]", "First geochemical survey of fumarolic gases from Lascar volcano (Central Andes, Chile)", "Linking magmatic processes and magma chemistry during the post-glacial to recent explosive eruptions of Ubinas volcano (southern Peru)", Peligros volcnicos de la Zona Norte de Chile, "Sistema Nacional de Proteccion Civil Centro Nacional de Prevencion de Desastres Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico Volcan Popocatepetl Estudios Realizados Durante La Crisis de 1994-1995 Comite Cientifico Asesor Cenapred-Unam", "Satellite images uncertainty: eruption or resuspension? It was accompanied by a Plinian fall deposit. [138] An ice cap formed over Lascar at that time, feeding two glaciers that extended northeast and southeast away from the volcano. Lascar is an andesitic-to-dacitic stratovolcano with 3 overlapping summit craters. Also, a volcano that is not presently erupting, but that has erupted within historical time and is considered likely to do so in the future. [226] Other eruptions were recorded in November 2006 and July 2007. [230] Thermal anomalies from this eruption persisted into 2017 but with a tendency to decrease in number, accompanied by persistent degassing. [90] The Piedras Grandes unit is over 26,500 years old,[39] possibly between 63,000 and 100,000 years old. The volcanic complex experienced several major, up to VEI 6, pre-historic eruptions but no calderas were formed. [91], Lascar emits plumes of gas and white clouds of condensed water vapor,[29] mostly over many hundreds of fumarolic vents, which are chiefly located in the active crater. [123] Electrical conductivity data suggest that a hydrothermal system exists beneath Lascar,[124] but the existence of such a system has been questioned. administered through the Department of Geosciences at Oregon State University. [90], Temperatures of the magma chamber range from 890970C (1,6301,780F); the mafic magmas that are injected in the chamber are about 150200C (270360F) hotter than the extant andesite and dacite. lascar volcano volcano type stratco or composite eruption history volcano location type of lava flow eruption type last eruption:October 31 Chile andesite plate boundaries and where the volcano is formed or located how lascar was formed plate boundaries: convergent subduction. [36][70] The Miscanti Line dissects the Quaternary basement beneath Lascar,[71] and it may be a hinge of a fold that is being propagated by faults. Bunch grass and shrubs grow on the volcano's slopes. Afterwards, up to four different units of pyroclastic flows, each 110 metres (3.332.8ft) thick, formed deposits up to 10 kilometres (6.2mi) long. [100] Steam explosions caused by rainfall have been reported. Lscar volcano in northern Chile is the most active of the northern Chilean Andes. [44] The end of glaciation may have accompanied an increase in volcanic activity, a phenomenon that has been noted at other volcanoes. [36], Lascar is a steep volcano[7] formed by two irregularly shaped truncated cones that extend eastwest,[52][53] on a trend that includes Aguas Calientes. [191] Flow surfaces display pronounced fractures with a V profile,[192] which developed a year after the eruption. Why do people study Geology? [38], Lascar is located in the main volcanic arc, on the western margin of the Altiplano. Lascar is the most active volcano in the central Andes. The volcano sent "an eruptive column" of volcanic ash and hot gases 6,000 metres above its crater, the service said. [112] Sulfur is released from areas all over the cone, resulting in a noticeable sulfur smell. Data is available for free at doi.org/10.5880/GFZ.2.1.2016.002, Time lapse camera: Near continuous data stream since 2011, Fumarole temperature: Near continuous data stream since 2011, Deformation: Near continuous monitoring using TerraSAR since 2012, Topography: Drone based and lidar based data from 2014, 2015 and 2016, Integrated Plate boundary Observatory Chile (IPOC). Hydrocarbons and other organic compounds are also found in the low-temperature fumaroles. Colors of Iceland: Fire, Earth, Ice and Water, Lascar volcano (Northern Chile) - Smithsonian / USGS Weekly Volcanic Activity Report for 14 December-20 December 2022 (New Activity / Unrest), Lascar volcano (Northern Chile) - Smithsonian / USGS Weekly Volcanic Activity Report for 7 December-13 December 2022 (New Activity / Unrest), Latest earthquakes under Yellowstone volcano. [228] The last eruption, on 30 October 2015, created a 2,500-metre-high (8,200ft) column of ash that prompted a raise in the local volcano alert level. The case of June 13th, 2015 Ojos del Salado false volcanic eruption", "Trends in the nonvolcanic component of stratospheric aerosol over the period 19712004", "Identificacin de fases portadoras y flujos de mercurio en el registro sedimentario de la Laguna del Plata, regin central de Argentina", "SERNAGEOMIN da a conocer nuevo ranking de volcanes", "Red Nacional de Vigilancia Volcnica de Chile", "El riesgo de desastres en la planificacin del territorio", Ministry of Federal Planning, Public Investment and Services, "How will melting of ice affect volcanic hazards in the twenty-first century? The magma supplied to the volcano ultimately comes from the subduction of the Nazca Plate beneath the South America Plate. [77], The rocks of Lascar belong to the calc-alkaline series. [58] The craters show evidence that activity has migrated westward. The largest eruption of Lascar in recent history took place in 1993, . [42] Tumisa, to the south of Lascar, was active between 2.5 and 0.4 million years ago,[43] is composed of dacite and surrounded by pyroclastic flow deposits. [36] The valleys drain the western, northern and southwestern slopes of Lascar. [21] The presence of Mesozoic limestone is indicated by xenoliths in Lascar's lavas; the only place they crop out farther east is in Argentina. SERNAGEOMIN reported that seismic signals characterized as moderate were recorded on 19 December and located near Lscar's main crater at shallow depths. [46], The 9-kilometre-long (5.6mi) Quebrada de Chaile, the 17-kilometre-long (11mi) Quebrada de Soncor and the 17-kilometre-long (11mi) Quebrada de Talabre canyons run towards Salar de Atacama; they are 3080 metres (98262ft) deep and 80500 metres (2601,640ft) wide. [56] The eruption released about 400,000 tonnes (390,000 long tons; 440,000 short tons) of sulfur dioxide, about half the quantity released by the 1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens,[207] and was sufficient to cause a noticeable increase in atmospheric opacity. Lascar volcano Tyra Watts Embed this Flow Large Medium Small Copy Flow URL: https://flowvella.com/s/9hr/Lascar-volcano Volcano: Lascar Country: Chile City: Toconao Continent: South America Presentation By: Kimberly Lema, Jennifer Contreras and Tyra Watts Panorama from the Lascar Southern pyroclastic flow. [39] They reach thicknesses of 5 metres (16ft) in the upper unit[133] and 30 metres (98ft) in the lower one. The largest historical eruption of Lascar took place in 1993, producing pyroclastic flows to 8.5 km NW of the summit. [149] This magma chamber was located at a floor depth of 56 kilometres (3.13.7mi) (older estimate 1222 kilometres (7.513.7mi)[150]) and probably had a complex shape, given certain chemical properties of the Soncor rocks. It is about 800 m in diameter and 300 m deep. For some eruptions, including the January 1854 eruption, it is not clear whether they occurred at Lascar or Aguas Calientes,[157] and some early reports of volcanic activity at Aguas Calientes probably refer to Lascar. [54] These formations are not visible in the Lascar area, but they crop out close to the Salar de Atacama. [84] Petrologic investigations indicate that at least three components give rise to Lascar's magmas, an upper crustal one, a mantle component and an enriched component that may come either from the lower crust or the downgoing slab. Add an answer . Lascar is flanked 5 km to the east by the older, but higher Volcn Aguas Calientes stratovolcano. [137] This edifice is the currently active one, with the deepest of its three summit craters being active. [229], Because of the volcano's remote location, much information on its activity comes from remote sensing. [129] Landsat images taken during this time indicate that a lava lake may have existed in the central crater,[163] generating a plume of volcanic gases and, in September 1986, a vulcanian eruption happened and dropped ash in Salta, Argentina. Its large crater is filled by another cone,[54] which forms the highest summit of the Lascar volcano. The white mushroom eruptive column rose 4000-5000 m high over the summit. [132], Lava flows less than 50 metres (160ft) thick issued from the stage I cone and reached lengths of 16 kilometres (9.9mi). The name originates from the Atacameo word lskar or lassi (English: tongue), thought to refer to the shape of the volcano. [147] Magma temperatures have been estimated at 9001,000C (1,6501,830F). Explosive eruptions are the greatest hazard at Lascar. [142], Ignimbrite was channeled to the Salar de Atacama by the Quebrada de Chaile, Quebrada de Soncor and Quebrada de Talabre canyons and some smaller valleys, northeastwards by the Quebrada de Morro Blanco and as far as 11 kilometres (6.8mi) southeastwards over the Pampa Leija area. On 17 December 1993, another explosion created an eruption column 810 kilometres (5.06.2mi) high. [86], The Soncor deposit was subsequently affected by glaciation[67] and the stage I edifice by a debris avalanche,[39] which was radiocarbon dated at 22,310 +2,700/2000 years ago in the Quebrada de Chaile. [27] Given the low population density around many of these volcanoes, there is often little information on their activity. Flashcards. The unit is about 2 kilometres (1.2mi) wide[135] and consists of large blocks encased in ash. Written By. [144] Pumices are encased in the ignimbrite as lenses and levees and are also found in the terrain above the canyons. [177], The eruption columns underwent several collapses, creating pyroclastic flows at least seven to nine times. Other volcanic centres are also located on this line,[54] including the Corona and Saltar lava domes, and the Miscanti and Lejia volcanoes. [88] Magma petrology implies that there is another reservoir at 6 kilometres (3.7mi) depth. In the deep valleys, groundwater and streams support more plants. [67] Additional component minerals found at Lascar include anorthite, augite bordering on diopside, bronzite, fassaite, forsterite, hypersthene, pigeonite and more. [157] The 1933 eruption was seen as far away as Chuquicamata. [60] This eruption was the last effusive eruption of Lascar, when later lava domes are excluded. [170] While eruptions before 1993 had always been preceded by a reduction in heat radiated from the volcano, such a reduction in 19992000 did not lead to an eruption, and when an eruption took place in July 2000, it was preceded by only a brief drop in heat radiation. [98] Total flux is estimated to be 1,31218,469 kilograms per second (2,89040,720lb/s),[87] and occurs even between eruptions. [224] During the following days, additional explosions generated columns up to 3 kilometres (1.9mi) high, with little ash production. The seismicity was the most notable recorded since the eruption on 10 December. At Lascar the LiDAR instrument was carried up and operated on the ground for terrestrial laser scanning (TLS). [27] They are constructed on a crust that is between 50 and 70 kilometres (31 and 43mi) thick. [81], Magma erupted by Lascar appears to form from the mixing of mafic and more evolved magmas; the 1993 eruption deposits contain bands of different rocks. This information was summarized from Smithsonian Institution's Preliminary Notices of Volcanic Activity. At least nine units form the Saltar deposit, with the northern flows displaying flow welding. [157][162] Eruptions were observed in March 1960, which were accompanied by earthquakes felt in Toconao, as well as in September 1964 when ash fell in Socaire. [63] The formation of the first cone at Lascar may have been facilitated by the intersection between the Miscanti Line and another eastwest lineament[72] formed by PliocenePleistocene tectonic compression of the region,[73] and the lineament would have worked as an ascent path for magma. ", "Recent eruptive activity from Lascar volcano (2006)", "Informe sobre el sistema volcnico de Lascar", "El ciclo eruptivo del 18 al 25 de Abril de 2006 del volcan Lascar, Andes Centrales", "Impact area determination of pyroclastic deposits in Lascar volcano, eruptive process in the year 1993", 10.1130/0091-7613(1987)15<614:UTLTMT>2.0.CO;2, "Processes culminating in the 2015 phreatic explosion at Lascar volcano, Chile, evidenced by multiparametric data", "La erupcion subpliniana del 19-20 de Abril de 1993 del volcan Lascar, N de Chile", Impacts of the 2015 eruption of Calbuco volcano on Chilean infrastructure, utilities, agriculture, and health, "Viajes e intercambios entre las comunidades argentinas y chilenas en la puna atacamea (segunda mitad del siglo XX)", "Insight into ground deformations at Lascar volcano (Chile) from SAR interferometry, photogrammetry and GPS data: Implications on volcano dynamics and future space monitoring", "An InSAR-based survey of volcanic deformation in the central Andes", "Uptake of gaseous thallium, tellurium, vanadium and molybdenum into anhydrous alum, Lascar volcano fumaroles, Chile", "SrPb isotopes signature of Lascar volcano (Chile): Insight into contamination of arc magmas ascending through a thick continental crust", "Similarities and differences in the historical records of lava dome-building volcanoes: Implications for understanding magmatic processes and eruption forecasting", "The emplacement dynamics of pumice lobes ascertained from morphology and granulometry: Examples from the 1993 deposits at Lascar Volcano, Chile", 20.500.11820/704f9e40-352c-49da-af10-83ce7c003ac6, "Post-depositional fracturing and subsidence of pumice flow deposits: Lascar Volcano, Chile", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lascar_(volcano)&oldid=1128908838, Short description is different from Wikidata, Articles containing explicitly cited English-language text, Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2012, All articles containing potentially dated statements, Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2017, CS1 European Spanish-language sources (es-es), Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, This page was last edited on 22 December 2022, at 16:28. [34] It probably formed when one of the craters filled with andesitic lava to the point of overflow. [118], Sulfur and chlorine may be derived from the crust, evaporites such as these found at Salar de Atacama, subducted lithosphere or the mantle. Stato attuale: normal or dormant (1 di 5) Last update: 3 feb 2022 (Smithsonian / USGS Weekly Volcanic Activity Report) Lscar volcano in northern Chile is the most active of the northern Chilean Andes. It is about 800 m in diameter and 300 m deep. [6] Toconao and San Pedro de Atacama lie 34 kilometres (21mi) and 68 kilometres (42mi) from the volcano, respectively. . According to SEGEMAR the pyroclastic flows traveled short distances to the N and SE. The movement of lithospheric plates affects surface features at plate boundaries and within the interiors of both oceanic and continental plates. [78] This occurs because as the magma loses its gas content, the number of pores in it, and thus its permeability to gas, decreases. [110] There are temporal variations in the output: after a decrease in 2009, sulfur output increased in 2012, probably as a consequence of the arrival of new magma at depth. [156], Heavy metal exposure is a problem for the region. High quantities of arsenic have been observed in local crops. [172] Other flows occurred at 12:05, after 13:37, 17:25, 21:3521:48, 23:4023:50 and on 20 April at 9:20. Four eruptions occurred at 15:20, 17:22, 19:00 and 21:00 UTC, forming eruption columns reaching altitudes of 10 kilometres (6.2mi). Volcanoes are most common in these geologically active boundaries. [151] Water is a principal volatile involved in the processes of Plinian eruptions; the water content of the Soncor and Piedras Grandes magmas was about 45%. [99], There are high-temperature fumaroles (temperatures equal to or exceeding 150C (302F)) and low-temperature fumaroles (temperatures of less than 82C (180F)), with noticeable chemical differences between the two; the latter tend to emit far more water than carbon dioxide. [32], Lascar is located in the Antofagasta Region of Chile,[31] and is 5,641 metres (18,507ft),[33][3][34] 5,592 metres (18,346ft),[31][21][15][1] or 5,450 metres (17,880ft) high, according to different sources. administered through the Department of Geosciences at Oregon State University. Why It Matters: Science of Geology 2. [89] There appear to be two distinct chamber systems, an andesitic one that is responsible for the frequent andesite lava and pyroclastic flow activity, and a dacitic one that was involved in the Piedras Grandes and Soncor activities. [187] The speed of these flows has been estimated at 100700 kilometres per hour (62435mph). A volcano that is erupting. Res. It features well developed levees and a 10-metre-thick (33ft) flow front. [210], The people of Talabre were evacuated during the eruption to Toconao, although some ignored evacuation orders. [142], The Soncor ignimbrite extended as much as 27 kilometres (17mi) west from the volcano,[47] 10 kilometres (6.2mi) north and 15 kilometres (9.3mi) south. [34] The westernmost of these three eastern craters is the currently active one, surrounded by rims that reach heights of 150 metres (490ft). [219] No lava domes were recorded in the crater during that period. 1-2 mm of very fine ash fell in Jama (international boundary of Chile and Argentina). What type of plate boundary is creating lascar volcano? [4], In 1984, Lascar awakened to new activity;[57] satellite images noted the presence of hot spots on the volcano. [137] The Manquez agglutinate above the Tumbres deposits was formed either by the Tumbres eruption or by a subsequent stage;[60] a pyroclastic cone in the western crater may be associated with this agglutinate. [16] These volcanic zones are separated by areas where recent volcanism is absent; one common theory is that the subduction processes responsible for volcanism form a subducting plate that is too shallow to trigger the formation of magma. A major eruption occurred at the Lascar Volcano. Volcanoes at convergent plate boundaries are found all along the Pacific Ocean basin, primarily at the edges of the Pacific, Cocos, and Nazca plates. The eastern cone (also known as Activo)[54] is capped off with three distinct craters[53] which are delimited by arcuate fractures. [129] The Observatorio Volcanolgico de los Andes del Sur in Temuco also employs webcams to watch Lascar. [251], Due to the dry climate, there is little vegetation at Lascar. Long-period earthquakes with magnitudes not exceeding 1.3 were also recorded, with a maximum of 209 events noted in May 2015. [79] The magmas are contaminated by the local crust, but not to the extent found in the Galan or Purico complex eruption products. Lascar vulcano. [161] Another series of eruptions occurred between November 1951 and January 1952; one eruption is recorded from 1940. These ignimbrites form a 3 steep slope in the area. [225] The eruption ended around 15:32 on 20 April,[222] although some explosions occurred in the following days. A number of such xenoliths formed from carbonate rocks that were influenced by magma[96][83] of Lascar and of other volcanoes such as Tumisa. [34] Yet another eruption sequence occurred between 1959 and 1969. [34] In the centre of the westernmost crater lies a smaller crater, 250 metres (820ft) deep and 300 metres (980ft) wide.
Why Is San Francisco So Cold In The Summer, Ectopic Beats Anxiety Forum, Gatton Park Angling Association, Driving Jobs Mallorca,